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are of no consequence for

  • 1 for

    A prep
    1 ( intended to belong to or be used by) pour ; who are the flowers for? pour qui sont les fleurs? ; for her pour elle ; to buy sth for sb acheter qch pour or à qn ; she bought a book for me elle a acheté un livre pour moi, elle m'a acheté un livre ; she bought presents for the family elle a acheté des cadeaux pour la famille ; a club for young people un club pour les jeunes ; a play area for children une aire de jeux pour les enfants ; keep some pancakes for us! garde-nous des crêpes! ; not for me thanks pas pour moi merci ;
    2 ( intended to help or benefit) pour ; to do sth for sb faire qch pour qn ; you risked your life for us tu as risqué ta vie pour nous ; let me carry it for you laisse-moi le porter pour toi ; could you book a seat for me? est-ce que tu pourrais réserver une place pour moi or me réserver une place? ; he cooked dinner for us il nous a préparé à manger ; play a tune for us joue-nous quelque chose ;
    3 ( indicating purpose) pour ; what's it for? c'est pour quoi faire?, ça sert à quoi? ; it's for removing stains c'est pour enlever or ça sert à enlever les taches ; what's this spring for? c'est pour quoi faire ce ressort? ; it's not for cleaning windows ce n'est pas fait pour nettoyer les vitres ; an attic for storing furniture un grenier pour entreposer les meubles ; ‘I need it’-‘what for?’ ‘j'en ai besoin’-‘pourquoi?’ ; what did you say that for? pourquoi as-tu dit cela? ; let's stop for a rest arrêtons-nous pour nous reposer ; to do sth for a laugh faire qch pour rigoler ○ ; to go for a swim/ meal aller nager/manger ; I need something for my cough j'ai besoin de quelque chose contre la toux ; she's being treated for depression elle suit un traitement contre la dépression ; a cure for Aids un remède contre le sida ; I sent it away for cleaning je l'ai renvoyé pour qu'il soit nettoyé ; I brought her home for you to meet her je l'ai amenée à la maison pour que tu puisses la rencontrer ; the bell rang for class to begin la cloche a sonné pour indiquer le début du cours ; for this to be feasible pour que ce soit réalisable ; more investment is needed for economic growth to occur il faut qu'il y ait plus d'investissements pour relancer la croissance économique ; the idea was for you to work it out yourself le but était que tu trouves ( subj) la réponse tout seul ;
    4 (as representative, member, employee of) pour, de ; to work for a company travailler pour une entreprise ; to play for France jouer pour la France ; the MP for Oxford le député d'Oxford ; Minister for Foreign Affairs ministre des Affaires étrangères ;
    5 ( indicating cause or reason) pour ; the reason for doing la raison pour laquelle on fait ; for this reason, I'd rather… pour cette raison je préfère… ; grounds for divorce/for hope des motifs de divorce/d'espoir ; to jump for joy sauter de joie ; imprisoned for murder emprisonné pour meurtre ; she left him for another man elle l'a quitté pour un autre homme ; famous for its wines réputé pour ses vins ; to praise sb for his actions féliciter qn pour ses actes ; she's been criticized for her views on lui a reproché ses opinions ; I was unable to sleep for the pain/the noise je ne pouvais pas dormir à cause de la douleur/du bruit ; the car is the worse for wear la voiture est abîmée ; if it weren't for her we wouldn't be here sans elle nous ne serions pas là ; if it hadn't been for the traffic jams, we'd have made it sans les embouteillages nous serions arrivés à temps ; the plant died for want of water la plante est morte parce qu'elle manquait d'eau ; she is annoyed with me for contradicting her elle m'en veut parce que je l'ai contredite ;
    6 ( indicating consequence) pour que (+ subj) ; it's too cold for her to go out il fait trop froid pour qu'elle sorte ; they spoke too quickly for us to understand ils parlaient trop vite pour que nous les comprenions ; she said it loudly enough for all to hear elle l'a dit suffisamment fort pour que tout le monde puisse entendre ; I haven't the patience ou enough patience for sewing je n'ai pas la patience qu'il faut pour coudre ; there's not enough time for us to have a drink nous n'avons pas le temps de prendre un verre ;
    7 ( indicating person's attitude) pour ; to be easy for sb to do être facile pour qn de faire ; for her it's almost like a betrayal pour elle c'est presque une trahison ; the film was too earnest for me le film était trop sérieux pour moi ; it was a shock for him ça a été un choc pour lui ; what counts for them is… ce qui compte pour eux c'est… ; living in London is not for me je ne suis pas fait pour vivre à Londres, vivre à Londres, très peu pour moi ○ ! ; that's good enough for me! ça me suffit! ;
    8 ( stressing particular feature) pour ; for further information write to… pour plus de renseignements écrivez à… ; I buy it for flavour/freshness je l'achète pour le goût/la fraîcheur ; for efficiency, there is no better system pour ce qui est de l'efficacité il n'y a pas de meilleur système ;
    9 ( considering) pour ; to be mature for one's age être mûr pour son âge ; she's very young for a doctor elle est très jeune pour un médecin ; it's warm for the time of year il fait chaud pour la saison ; it's not a bad wine for the price ce vin n'est pas mauvais pour le prix ; suitably dressed for the climate habillé comme il faut pour le climat ;
    10 ( towards) pour ; to have admiration/respect for sb avoir de l'admiration/du respect pour qn ; to feel sorry for sb avoir de la peine pour qn ; to feel contempt for sb mépriser qn ;
    11 ( on behalf of) pour ; to be delighted/pleased for sb être ravi/content pour qn ; to be anxious for sb être inquiet pour qn ; say hello to him for me dis-lui bonjour de ma part ; I can't do it for you je ne peux pas le faire à ta place ; let her answer for herself laisse-la répondre elle-même ; I speak for everyone here je parle au nom de toutes les personnes ici présentes ;
    12 ( as regards) to be a stickler for punctuality être à cheval sur la ponctualité ; she's a great one for jokes on peut toujours compter sur elle pour raconter des blagues ; to be all right for money avoir assez d'argent ; luckily for her heureusement pour elle ;
    13 ( indicating duration) ( taking account of past events) depuis ; ( stressing expected duration) pour ; ( stressing actual duration) pendant ; this is the best show I've seen for years c'est le meilleur spectacle que j'aie vu depuis des années ; we've been together for 2 years nous sommes ensemble depuis 2 ans, ça fait 2 ans que nous sommes ensemble ; she hasn't slept for a week elle n'a pas dormi depuis une semaine, ça fait une semaine qu'elle n'a pas dormi ; they hadn't seen each other for 10 years ils ne s'étaient pas vus depuis 10 ans, ça faisait 10 ans qu'ils ne s'étaient pas vus ; she's off to Paris for the weekend elle va à Paris pour le week-end ; I'm going to Spain for 6 months je vais en Espagne pour 6 mois ; they are stored in the cellar for the winter ils sont entreposés dans la cave pour l'hiver ; will he be away for long? est-ce qu'il sera absent longtemps? ; you can stay for a year vous pouvez rester un an ; to be away for a year être absent pendant un an ; they were married for 25 years ils ont été mariés pendant 25 ans ; he hasn't been seen for several days on ne l'a pas vu depuis plusieurs jours ; she remained silent for a few moments elle est restée silencieuse pendant quelques instants ; I was in Paris for 2 weeks j'étais à Paris pendant 2 semaines ; to last for hours durer des heures ;
    14 ( indicating a deadline) pour ; ( in negative constructions) avant ; it will be ready for Saturday ça sera prêt pour samedi ; when is the essay for? la rédaction, c'est pour quand? ; the car won't be ready for another 6 weeks la voiture ne sera pas prête avant 6 semaines ; you don't have to decide for a week yet tu n'as pas à prendre ta décision avant une semaine ;
    15 ( on the occasion of) pour ; to go to China for Christmas aller en Chine pour Noël ; invited for Easter invité pour Pâques ; he got a bike for his birthday il a eu un vélo pour son anniversaire ;
    16 ( indicating scheduled time) pour ; the summit scheduled for next month le sommet prévu pour le mois prochain ; that's all for now c'est tout pour le moment ; I'd like an appointment for Monday je voudrais un rendez-vous pour lundi ; I have an appointment for 4 pm j'ai rendez-vous à 16h 00 ; it's time for bed c'est l'heure d'aller au lit ; now for some fun/food! on va s'amuser/manger! ;
    17 ( indicating distance) pendant ; to drive for miles rouler pendant des kilomètres ; lined with trees for 3 km bordé d'arbres pendant or sur 3 km ; the last shop for 30 miles le dernier magasin avant 50 kilomètres ; there is nothing but desert for miles around on ne voit que le désert à des kilomètres à la ronde ;
    18 ( indicating destination) pour ; a ticket for Dublin un billet pour Dublin ; the train leaves for London le train part pour Londres ; to leave for work partir travailler ; to head for the beach partir à la plage ; to swim for the shore nager vers la rive ;
    19 (indicating cost, value) pour ; it was sold for £100 ça s'est vendu (pour) 100 livres sterling ; they bought the car for £6,000 ils ont acheté la voiture pour 6 000 livres sterling ; 10 apples for £1 10 pommes pour une livre sterling ; he'll fix it for £10 il le réparera pour 10 livres sterling ; I wouldn't do it for anything! je ne le ferais pour rien au monde! ; you paid too much for that dress! tu as payé cette robe trop cher! ; I'll let you have it for £20 je vous le laisse à 20 livres sterling ; a cheque for £20 un chèque de 20 livres sterling ; to exchange sth for sth else échanger qch contre qch d'autre ; ⇒ nothing ;
    20 ( in favour of) to be for être pour [peace, divorce, reunification] ; to be all for it être tout à fait pour ; I'm for going to a nightclub je suis pour qu'on aille en boîte ○ ; who's for a game of football? qui veut jouer au football? ;
    21 ( stressing appropriateness) she's the person for the job elle est la personne qu'il faut pour le travail ; that's for us to decide c'est à nous de décider ; it's not for him to tell us what to do ce n'est pas à lui de nous dire ce qu'il faut faire ;
    22 ( in support of) en faveur de ; to vote for change voter en faveur de la réforme ; the argument for recycling l'argument en faveur du recyclage ; there's no evidence for that ce n'est absolument pas prouvé ;
    23 ( indicating availability) for sale à vendre ; ‘caravans for hire’ ‘caravanes à louer’ ;
    24 ( as part of ratio) pour ; one teacher for five pupils un professeur pour cinq élèves ; for every female judge there are ten male judges il y a une femme juge pour dix hommes juges ;
    25 ( equivalent to) T for Tom T comme Tom ; what's the French for ‘boot’? comment dit-on ‘boot’ en français? ; the technical term for it is ‘chloasma’ ‘chloasme’ c'est le terme technique ; what is CD for? qu'est-ce que CD veut dire? ; green is for go le vert veut dire qu'on a le droit de passer ;
    26 ( in explanations) for one thing… and for another… premièrement… et deuxièmement… ; for that matter d'ailleurs ; for example par exemple ; I, for one, agree with her en tout cas moi, je suis d'accord avec elle ;
    27 ( when introducing clauses) it would be unwise for us to generalize il serait imprudent pour nous de généraliser ; it's not convenient for them to come today ce n'est pas pratique pour eux de passer aujourd'hui ; the best thing would be for them to leave le mieux serait qu'ils s'en aillent ; it must have been serious for her to cancel the class cela a dû être grave pour qu'elle annule ( subj) le cours ; there's nothing worse than for someone to spy on you il n'y a rien de pire que quelqu'un qui t'espionne ; there's no need for people to get upset il n'y a pas de quoi s'énerver ;
    28 ( after) to name a child for sb donner à un enfant le nom de qn.
    B conj sout car, parce que.
    oh for a nice hot bath! je rêve d'un bon bain chaud! ; I'll be (in) for it if… ○ GB ça va être ma fête si… ○ ; right, you're for it ○ ! GB bon, ça va être ta fête ○ ! ; to have it in for sb ○ avoir qn dans le collimateur ○ ; that's adolescents for you! que voulez-vous, c'est ça les adolescents! ; there's gratitude for you! c'est comme ça qu'on me (or vous etc) remercie!, quelle ingratitude!

    Big English-French dictionary > for

  • 2 for

    for [fɔ:r]
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When for is an element in a phrasal verb, eg look for, stand for, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg for sale, noted for, look up the other word.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       a. pour
    • what's this knife for? à quoi sert ce couteau ?
       b. ( = going to) pour
       c. ( = on behalf of) for me/you à ma/ta place
       d. ( = as in) comme
    • he'll do it for $25 il le fera pour 25 dollars
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When used with pay and sell, for is not translated.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • to pay $5 for a ticket payer un billet 5 dollars
    • I sold it for $20 je l'ai vendu 20 dollars
       f. ( = because of) pour
       g. ( = from) de
       h. ( = up to) à
       i. ( = in spite of) malgré
       j. ( = for a distance of) sur
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► With certain verbs pendant may be omitted.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • I worked/stayed there for three months j'y ai travaillé/j'y suis resté (pendant) trois mois
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When for refers to future time, it is translated by pour after aller and partir.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       l. (uncompleted states and actions) depuis, ça fait... que
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► French generally uses the present and imperfect where English uses the perfect and past perfect.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • I had been working there for three months when... je travaillais là depuis trois mois quand...
    * * *
    [fə(r), fɔː(r)] 1.

    what's it for? — c'est pour quoi faire?, ça sert à quoi?

    ‘I need it’ - ‘what for?’ — ‘j'en ai besoin’ - ‘pourquoi?’

    4) (as member, employee of) [work, play] pour; ( as representative) [MP, Minister] de

    for this reason, I'd rather... — pour cette raison je préfère...

    if it weren't for her... — sans elle...

    6) ( indicating consequence) pour que (+ subj)

    for further information write to... — pour plus de renseignements écrivez à...

    9) ( considering) pour
    10) ( towards) pour
    11) ( on behalf of) pour
    12) ( as regards)
    15) ( on the occasion of) pour
    17) ( indicating distance) pendant
    19) (indicating cost, value) pour

    it was sold for £100 — ça s'est vendu (pour) 100 livres sterling

    I'll let you have it for £20 — je vous le laisse à 20 livres sterling

    a cheque for £20 — un chèque de 20 livres sterling

    to be for — être pour [peace, divorce, reunification]

    22) ( in support of) en faveur de
    24) ( as part of ratio) pour

    what's the French for ‘boot’? — comment dit-on ‘boot’ en français?

    the technical term for it is ‘chloasma’ — ‘chloasme’ c'est le terme technique

    for one thing... and for another... — premièrement... et deuxièmement...

    I, for one, agree with her — en tout cas moi, je suis d'accord avec elle

    2.
    conjunction sout car, parce que
    ••

    I'll be (in) for it if... — (colloq) GB ça va être ma fête si... (colloq)

    that's adolescents for you! — que voulez-vous, c'est ça les adolescents!

    there's gratitude for you! — c'est comme ça qu'on me/vous etc remercie!

    English-French dictionary > for

  • 3 consequence

    نَتِيجَة \ conclusion: an opinion which is the result of thought. consequence: the result of an act or event: the consequence of his rudeness to his employer was that he lost his job. effect: result: His troubles had a bad effect on his health. Scientists study the causes and effects of a disease. end: a purpose; an aim: If we try hard, we shall gain our ends. outcome: the effect or result (of effort, etc.): We talked for a long time, but I still don’t know what the outcome will be. result: sth. that is caused; the effect of an action: Most accidents are the result of careless driving. My efforts produced no results, a number of points, etc., at the end of a game or match The result of the match was 6-3 in our favour. upshot: the end result (of some matter): I said I was sorry, and so did she, and the upshot was that we became better friends than before. \ See Also عاقبة (عَاقِبَة)، مفعول (مَفْعُول)، أَثَر

    Arabic-English glossary > consequence

  • 4 не иметь запаха

    Не иметь запаха-- The final product is essentially odor free Не иметь значения - to be inconsequential, to be immaterial; to be of no concern, to be of no importance, to be of no significance, to be of no consequence, to be irrelevant
     Under this mode of operation, the reactor-turbine response is inconsequential for the analysis.
     The problems associated with the secondary cells are of no consequence for crystal growth because they seem to be important only at large Prandtl numbers.
     Clearly for q = 0 deg the orientation of the slots is irrelevant.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > не иметь запаха

  • 5 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 6 à

    A [α]
    1. masculine noun
    ( = lettre) de A à Z from A to Z
    • prouver or démontrer qch par A + B to prove sth conclusively
    2. feminine noun
    ( = autoroute) l'A10 the A10 motorway (Brit) or highway (US)
    * * *

    1.
    A a, ɑ nom masculin invariable ( lettre) a, A

    2.
    A nom féminin (abbr = autoroute) motorway GB, freeway US
    * * *
    a (= a)
    1. nm inv
    (lettre) A, a

    A comme Anatole — A for Andrew Grande-Bretagne A for Able USA

    prouver qch par a + b — to prove sth conclusively

    2. abr
    See:
    1) (= ampère) amp
    2) (= autoroute) M Grande-Bretagne
    * * *
    a, A
    A nm inv ( lettre) a, A; vitamine A vitamin A; de A à Z from A to Z; le bricolage de A à Z the A to Z of DIY; démontrer/prouver qch par A plus B à qn to demonstrate/prove sth conclusively to sb.
    B A nf Transp (abbr = autoroute) prendre l'A5 take the (motorway GB or freeway US) A5.
    a commercial at sign.
    [a] (contraction de à avec le devant consonne ou h aspiré au, contraction de à avec les aux [o]) préposition
    A.[DANS L'ESPACE]
    1. [indiquant la position] at
    [à l'intérieur de] in
    [sur] on
    quand on est à 2 000 m d'altitude when you're 2,000 m up
    au mur/plafond on the wall/ceiling
    à ma droite on ou to my right
    2. [indiquant la direction] to
    aller à Paris/aux États-Unis/à la Jamaïque to go to Paris/to the United States/to Jamaica
    3. [indiquant la provenance, l'origine]
    B.[DANS LE TEMPS]
    1. [indiquant un moment précis] at
    [devant une date, un jour] on
    [indiquant une époque, une période] in
    à l'aube/l'aurore/midi at dawn/daybreak/midday
    2. [indiquant un délai]
    nous sommes à deux semaines de Noël there are only two weeks to go before Christmas, Christmas is only two weeks away
    à demain/la semaine prochaine/mardi see you tomorrow/next week/(on) Tuesday
    C.[MARQUANT LE MOYEN, LA MANIÈRE]
    1. [indiquant le moyen, l'instrument, l'accompagnement]
    peindre à l'eau/à l'huile to paint in watercolours/oils
    aller à pied/à bicyclette/à cheval to go on foot/by bicycle/on horseback
    2. [indiquant la manière]
    à jeun on ou with an empty stomach
    faire quelque chose à la russe/turque to do something the Russian/Turkish way
    D.[MARQUANT L'APPARTENANCE]
    E.[INDIQUANT L'ATTRIBUTION, LA DESTINATION]
    c'est à moi de jouer/parler it's my turn to play/to speak
    à M. le directeur [dans la correspondance] to the manager
    F.[INTRODUISANT UNE ÉVALUATION, UN RAPPORT DISTRIBUTIF]
    1. [introduisant un prix]
    un livre à 20 euros a book which costs 20 euros, a book worth 20 euros
    ‘tout à 2 euros’ ‘everything 2 euros’
    2. [indiquant un rapport, une mesure]
    vendus à la douzaine/au poids/au détail sold by the dozen/by weight/individually
    3. [introduisant un nombre de personnes]
    à deux, on aura vite fait de repeindre la cuisine between the two of us, it won't take long to repaint the kitchen
    4. [indiquant une approximation]
    G.[MARQUANT DES RAPPORTS DE CAUSE OU DE CONSÉQUENCE]
    1. [indiquant la cause]
    à ces mots, il s'est tu on hearing these words, he fell silent
    2. [indiquant la conséquence]
    il lui a tout dit, à ma grande surprise he told her everything, much to my surprise
    3. [d'après]
    je l'ai reconnu à sa voix/démarche I recognized (him by) his voice/walk
    à sa mine, on voit qu'il est en mauvaise santé you can tell from the way he looks that he's ill
    à ce que je vois/comprends from what I see/understand
    à ce qu'elle dit, le mur se serait écroulé according to her ou to what she says, the wall collapsed
    H.[SUIVI DE L'INFINITIF]
    1. [indiquant l'hypothèse, la cause]
    à t'entendre, on dirait que tu t'en moques listening to you, I get the feeling that you don't care
    à bien considérer les choses... all things considered...
    2. [exprimant l'obligation]
    les vêtements à laver/repasser the clothes to be washed/ironed
    3. [exprimant la possibilité]
    il n'y a rien à voir/à manger there's nothing to see/to eat
    4. [en train de]
    5. [au point de]
    ils en sont à se demander si ça en vaut la peine they've got to the stage of wondering whether or not it's worth the effort
    I.[MARQUANT LA CARACTÉRISATION, LE BUT]
    l'homme au pardessus the man in ou with the overcoat
    une chemise à manches courtes a short-sleeved shirt, a shirt with short sleeves
    un pyjama à fleurs/rayures flowery/stripy pyjamas
    ‘bureau à louer’ ‘office for rent’
    J.[SERVANT DE LIEN SYNTAXIQUE]
    1. [introduisant le complément du verbe]
    aimer à faire quelque chose (littéraire) to like to do something, to like doing something
    rendre quelque chose à quelqu'un to give something back to somebody, to give somebody something back
    2. [introduisant le complément d'un nom]
    3. [introduisant le complément de l'adjectif]

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > à

  • 7 П-596

    HE ПРОХОДИТ/НЕ ПРОШЁЛ ДАРОМ VP subj: usu. count abstr)
    1. \П-596 (для кого) (more often pfv past) some event (period of time etc) produces certain results, has certain consequences, brings about certain changes etc: X не прошел (для Y-a) даром = X was not in vain (not for nothing, not for naught)
    X left its mark (on Y) (in limited contexts) Y hasn't wasted X X has been of some use.
    ...Долгая привычка спать на казенном диване не прошла даром... (Войнович 4)....His old habit of sleeping on the office couch had left its mark (4a)
    ...Я понял, что годы, когда мы не виделись, не прошли для моего друга даром, он уже вполне овладел новым, передовым и единственно правильным мировоззрением... (Войнович 1). I realized that my friend had not wasted the years in which we hadn't been seeing each other. He had acquired a new, progressive world view, the only correct one... (1a)
    (author's usage) Ловко мы их (органы) обвели вокруг пальца, говорил Правдец своему Другу. Да, говорил Друг, это у нас не отнимешь! Тюремный опыт не пропал даром (Зиновьев 1). "We've really taken them (the secret police) for a ride," Truth-teller said to his Friend. "Yes," said Friend, "no-one can deny us that! Our prison experience has been of some use after all" (1a).
    (2-й (гуляющий):) Уж ты помяни мое слово, что эта гроза даром не пройдет... Либо уж убьет кого-нибудь, либо дом сгорит... (Островский 6). ( context transl) (Second Stroller.) Mark my words, this storm won't pass without doing some damage....It'll either kill someone or set a house on fire (6c).
    2. - кому. Also: ТАК HE ПРОХОДИТ/НЕ ПРОШЛО ( subj: often это or это дело, эти слова etc
    usu. pfv fut var. with так has fixed WO
    s.o. 's reprehensible action (words etc) will definitely result in unpleasant consequences or punishment for him
    X (это) Y-y даром не пройдёт — Y won't get away with X (it)
    Y will (have to) pay for X (it, this) Y will not get off scot-free X will not be without consequence (for Y) (in limited contexts) X will not be easily forgotten.
    «Ты лжёшь, мерзавец! - вскричал я в бешенстве, - ты лжёшь самым бесстыдным образом». Швабрин переменился в лице. «Это тебе так не пройдет», - сказал он... (Пушкин 2). "You're lying, scoundrel!" I exclaimed in a rage. "You're lying in the most shameless manner." Shvabrin changed color. "You are not going to get away with that," he said... (2a).
    Из слов его я заметил, что про меня и княжну уж распущены в городе разные дурные слухи: это Грушницкому даром не пройдёт (Лермонтов 1). I could tell by what he had said that diverse malicious rumours had been spread all over town about the Princess and myself: Grushnitsky will have to pay for this! (1b)
    Глуповцам это дело не прошло даром (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). This affair was not without consequence for the Foolovites.. (1a)
    (Курчаев:) Если мои подозрения оправдаются, так берегитесь! Такие вещи даром не проходят (Островский 9). (К.:) If what I suspect is true, you'd better look out. Such things are not easily forgotten (9a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > П-596

  • 8 не проходит даром

    • НЕ ПРОХОДИТ/НЕ ПРОШЕЛ ДАРОМ
    [VP; subj: usu. count abstr]
    =====
    1. не проходит даром (для кого) [more often pfv past]
    ⇒ some event (period of time etc) produces certain results, has certain consequences, brings about certain changes etc:
    - X не прошел (для Y-a) даром≈ X was not in vain (not for nothing, not for naught);
    - [in limited contexts] Y hasn't wasted X;
    - X has been of some use.
         ♦...Долгая привычка спать на казенном диване не прошла даром... (Войнович 4)....His old habit of sleeping on the office couch had left its mark (4a)
         ♦...Я понял, что годы, когда мы не виделись, не прошли для моего друга даром, он уже вполне овладел новым, передовым и единственно правильным мировоззрением... (Войнович 1). I realized that my friend had not wasted the years in which we hadn't been seeing each other. He had acquired a new, progressive world view, the only correct one... (1a)
         ♦ [author's usage] Ловко мы их [органы] обвели вокруг пальца, говорил Правдец своему Другу. Да, говорил Друг, это у нас не отнимешь! Тюремный опыт не пропал даром (Зиновьев 1). "We've really taken them [the secret police] for a ride," Truth-teller said to his Friend. "Yes," said Friend, "no-one can deny us that! Our prison experience has been of some use after all" (1a).
         ♦ [2-й (гуляющий):] Уж ты помяни мое слово, что эта гроза даром не пройдет... Либо уж убьет кого-нибудь, либо дом сгорит... (Островский 6). [context transl] [Second Stroller.] Mark my words, this storm won't pass without doing some damage....It'll either kill someone or set a house on fire (6c).
    2. не проходит даром кому. Also: ТАК НЕ ПРОХОДИТ/НЕ ПРОШЛО [subj: often это or это дело, эти слова etc; usu. pfv fut; var. with так has fixed WO]
    ⇒ s.o.'s reprehensible action (words etc) will definitely result in unpleasant consequences or punishment for him:
    - X (это) Y-y даром не пройдёт≈ Y won't get away with X (it);
    - Y will (have to) pay for X (it, this);
    - [in limited contexts] X will not be easily forgotten.
         ♦ "Ты лжёшь, мерзавец! - вскричал я в бешенстве, - ты лжёшь самым бесстыдным образом". Швабрин переменился в лице. "Это тебе так не пройдет", - сказал он... (Пушкин 2). "You're lying, scoundrel!" I exclaimed in a rage. "You're lying in the most shameless manner." Shvabrin changed color. "You are not going to get away with that," he said... (2a).
         ♦ Из слов его я заметил, что про меня и княжну уж распущены в городе разные дурные слухи: это Грушницкому даром не пройдёт (Лермонтов 1). I could tell by what he had said that diverse malicious rumours had been spread all over town about the Princess and myself: Grushnitsky will have to pay for this! (1b)
         ♦...Глуповцам это дело не прошло даром (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). This affair was not without consequence for the Foolovites... (1a)
         ♦ [Курчаев:] Если мои подозрения оправдаются, так берегитесь! Такие вещи даром не проходят (Островский 9). [К.:] If what I suspect is true, you'd better look out. Such things are not easily forgotten (9a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не проходит даром

  • 9 не прошел даром

    • НЕ ПРОХОДИТ/НЕ ПРОШЕЛ ДАРОМ
    [VP; subj: usu. count abstr]
    =====
    1. не прошел даром (для кого) [more often pfv past]
    ⇒ some event (period of time etc) produces certain results, has certain consequences, brings about certain changes etc:
    - X не прошел (для Y-a) даром≈ X was not in vain (not for nothing, not for naught);
    - [in limited contexts] Y hasn't wasted X;
    - X has been of some use.
         ♦...Долгая привычка спать на казенном диване не прошла даром... (Войнович 4)....His old habit of sleeping on the office couch had left its mark (4a)
         ♦...Я понял, что годы, когда мы не виделись, не прошли для моего друга даром, он уже вполне овладел новым, передовым и единственно правильным мировоззрением... (Войнович 1). I realized that my friend had not wasted the years in which we hadn't been seeing each other. He had acquired a new, progressive world view, the only correct one... (1a)
         ♦ [author's usage] Ловко мы их [органы] обвели вокруг пальца, говорил Правдец своему Другу. Да, говорил Друг, это у нас не отнимешь! Тюремный опыт не пропал даром (Зиновьев 1). "We've really taken them [the secret police] for a ride," Truth-teller said to his Friend. "Yes," said Friend, "no-one can deny us that! Our prison experience has been of some use after all" (1a).
         ♦ [2-й (гуляющий):] Уж ты помяни мое слово, что эта гроза даром не пройдет... Либо уж убьет кого-нибудь, либо дом сгорит... (Островский 6). [context transl] [Second Stroller.] Mark my words, this storm won't pass without doing some damage....It'll either kill someone or set a house on fire (6c).
    2. не прошел даром кому. Also: ТАК НЕ ПРОХОДИТ/НЕ ПРОШЛО [subj: often это or это дело, эти слова etc; usu. pfv fut; var. with так has fixed WO]
    ⇒ s.o.'s reprehensible action (words etc) will definitely result in unpleasant consequences or punishment for him:
    - X (это) Y-y даром не пройдёт≈ Y won't get away with X (it);
    - Y will (have to) pay for X (it, this);
    - [in limited contexts] X will not be easily forgotten.
         ♦ "Ты лжёшь, мерзавец! - вскричал я в бешенстве, - ты лжёшь самым бесстыдным образом". Швабрин переменился в лице. "Это тебе так не пройдет", - сказал он... (Пушкин 2). "You're lying, scoundrel!" I exclaimed in a rage. "You're lying in the most shameless manner." Shvabrin changed color. "You are not going to get away with that," he said... (2a).
         ♦ Из слов его я заметил, что про меня и княжну уж распущены в городе разные дурные слухи: это Грушницкому даром не пройдёт (Лермонтов 1). I could tell by what he had said that diverse malicious rumours had been spread all over town about the Princess and myself: Grushnitsky will have to pay for this! (1b)
         ♦...Глуповцам это дело не прошло даром (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). This affair was not without consequence for the Foolovites... (1a)
         ♦ [Курчаев:] Если мои подозрения оправдаются, так берегитесь! Такие вещи даром не проходят (Островский 9). [К.:] If what I suspect is true, you'd better look out. Such things are not easily forgotten (9a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не прошел даром

  • 10 так не проходит

    • НЕ ПРОХОДИТ/НЕ ПРОШЕЛ ДАРОМ
    [VP; subj: usu. count abstr]
    =====
    1. так не проходит (для кого) [more often pfv past]
    ⇒ some event (period of time etc) produces certain results, has certain consequences, brings about certain changes etc:
    - X не прошел (для Y-a) даром≈ X was not in vain (not for nothing, not for naught);
    - [in limited contexts] Y hasn't wasted X;
    - X has been of some use.
         ♦...Долгая привычка спать на казенном диване не прошла даром... (Войнович 4)....His old habit of sleeping on the office couch had left its mark (4a)
         ♦...Я понял, что годы, когда мы не виделись, не прошли для моего друга даром, он уже вполне овладел новым, передовым и единственно правильным мировоззрением... (Войнович 1). I realized that my friend had not wasted the years in which we hadn't been seeing each other. He had acquired a new, progressive world view, the only correct one... (1a)
         ♦ [author's usage] Ловко мы их [органы] обвели вокруг пальца, говорил Правдец своему Другу. Да, говорил Друг, это у нас не отнимешь! Тюремный опыт не пропал даром (Зиновьев 1). "We've really taken them [the secret police] for a ride," Truth-teller said to his Friend. "Yes," said Friend, "no-one can deny us that! Our prison experience has been of some use after all" (1a).
         ♦ [2-й (гуляющий):] Уж ты помяни мое слово, что эта гроза даром не пройдет... Либо уж убьет кого-нибудь, либо дом сгорит... (Островский 6). [context transl] [Second Stroller.] Mark my words, this storm won't pass without doing some damage....It'll either kill someone or set a house on fire (6c).
    2. так не проходит кому. Also: ТАК НЕ ПРОХОДИТ/НЕ ПРОШЛО [subj: often это or это дело, эти слова etc; usu. pfv fut; var. with так has fixed WO]
    ⇒ s.o.'s reprehensible action (words etc) will definitely result in unpleasant consequences or punishment for him:
    - X (это) Y-y даром не пройдёт≈ Y won't get away with X (it);
    - Y will (have to) pay for X (it, this);
    - [in limited contexts] X will not be easily forgotten.
         ♦ "Ты лжёшь, мерзавец! - вскричал я в бешенстве, - ты лжёшь самым бесстыдным образом". Швабрин переменился в лице. "Это тебе так не пройдет", - сказал он... (Пушкин 2). "You're lying, scoundrel!" I exclaimed in a rage. "You're lying in the most shameless manner." Shvabrin changed color. "You are not going to get away with that," he said... (2a).
         ♦ Из слов его я заметил, что про меня и княжну уж распущены в городе разные дурные слухи: это Грушницкому даром не пройдёт (Лермонтов 1). I could tell by what he had said that diverse malicious rumours had been spread all over town about the Princess and myself: Grushnitsky will have to pay for this! (1b)
         ♦...Глуповцам это дело не прошло даром (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). This affair was not without consequence for the Foolovites... (1a)
         ♦ [Курчаев:] Если мои подозрения оправдаются, так берегитесь! Такие вещи даром не проходят (Островский 9). [К.:] If what I suspect is true, you'd better look out. Such things are not easily forgotten (9a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > так не проходит

  • 11 так не прошло

    • НЕ ПРОХОДИТ/НЕ ПРОШЕЛ ДАРОМ
    [VP; subj: usu. count abstr]
    =====
    1. так не прошло (для кого) [more often pfv past]
    ⇒ some event (period of time etc) produces certain results, has certain consequences, brings about certain changes etc:
    - X не прошел (для Y-a) даром≈ X was not in vain (not for nothing, not for naught);
    - [in limited contexts] Y hasn't wasted X;
    - X has been of some use.
         ♦...Долгая привычка спать на казенном диване не прошла даром... (Войнович 4)....His old habit of sleeping on the office couch had left its mark (4a)
         ♦...Я понял, что годы, когда мы не виделись, не прошли для моего друга даром, он уже вполне овладел новым, передовым и единственно правильным мировоззрением... (Войнович 1). I realized that my friend had not wasted the years in which we hadn't been seeing each other. He had acquired a new, progressive world view, the only correct one... (1a)
         ♦ [author's usage] Ловко мы их [органы] обвели вокруг пальца, говорил Правдец своему Другу. Да, говорил Друг, это у нас не отнимешь! Тюремный опыт не пропал даром (Зиновьев 1). "We've really taken them [the secret police] for a ride," Truth-teller said to his Friend. "Yes," said Friend, "no-one can deny us that! Our prison experience has been of some use after all" (1a).
         ♦ [2-й (гуляющий):] Уж ты помяни мое слово, что эта гроза даром не пройдет... Либо уж убьет кого-нибудь, либо дом сгорит... (Островский 6). [context transl] [Second Stroller.] Mark my words, this storm won't pass without doing some damage....It'll either kill someone or set a house on fire (6c).
    2. так не прошло кому. Also: ТАК НЕ ПРОХОДИТ/НЕ ПРОШЛО [subj: often это or это дело, эти слова etc; usu. pfv fut; var. with так has fixed WO]
    ⇒ s.o.'s reprehensible action (words etc) will definitely result in unpleasant consequences or punishment for him:
    - X (это) Y-y даром не пройдёт≈ Y won't get away with X (it);
    - Y will (have to) pay for X (it, this);
    - [in limited contexts] X will not be easily forgotten.
         ♦ "Ты лжёшь, мерзавец! - вскричал я в бешенстве, - ты лжёшь самым бесстыдным образом". Швабрин переменился в лице. "Это тебе так не пройдет", - сказал он... (Пушкин 2). "You're lying, scoundrel!" I exclaimed in a rage. "You're lying in the most shameless manner." Shvabrin changed color. "You are not going to get away with that," he said... (2a).
         ♦ Из слов его я заметил, что про меня и княжну уж распущены в городе разные дурные слухи: это Грушницкому даром не пройдёт (Лермонтов 1). I could tell by what he had said that diverse malicious rumours had been spread all over town about the Princess and myself: Grushnitsky will have to pay for this! (1b)
         ♦...Глуповцам это дело не прошло даром (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). This affair was not without consequence for the Foolovites... (1a)
         ♦ [Курчаев:] Если мои подозрения оправдаются, так берегитесь! Такие вещи даром не проходят (Островский 9). [К.:] If what I suspect is true, you'd better look out. Such things are not easily forgotten (9a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > так не прошло

  • 12 необходимый

    necessary, needed, required, essential, of necessity
    • В некоторых случаях может оказаться необходимым (предварительно преобразовать и т. п.)... - It may be necessary in some cases to...
    • Введя необходимые объяснения (= сведения), мы теперь продолжим (изучение и т. п.)... - Having provided this background, we now proceed with...
    • Далее выведем необходимое условие существования... - Let us next deduce a necessary condition for the existence of...
    • Данное условие является необходимым. - The condition is necessary.
    • Действительно, с этой точки зрения не является необходимым... - In fact, from this point of view it is not necessary to...
    • Для обратного (утверждения) необходимы более глубокие рассуждения. - A deeper argument is required for the converse.
    • Замечательным является то, что эти необходимые условия одновременно являются и достаточными. - The remarkable fact is that these necessary conditions are also sufficient.
    • К счастью это не является необходимым. - Fortunately this is not necessary.
    • Легко видеть, что это условие является необходимым. - It is easy to see that this condition is necessary.
    • Могло бы показаться, что... (рассматривать, изучать и т. п.) не является необходимым. - It may seem unnecessary to...
    • Можно показать, что они являются как достаточными, так и необходимыми. - It may be shown that they are sufficient as well as necessary.
    • Мы все еще не разработали математический аппарат, необходимый для... - We have not yet developed the mathematical apparatus needed to...
    • Мы заключаем (наше рассмотрение), делая несколько весьма очевидных, но необходимых замечаний (относительно)... - We conclude by making some rather obvious but necessary remarks on...
    • Мы отмечаем, что (вычислять и то. га.)... не является необходимым. - We remark that it is not necessary to...
    • Мы уже подготовили все инструменты, необходимые для... - We have now assembled the tools we need for...
    • Нам необходим критерий для определения, действительно ли... - We need a criterion for determining whether...
    • Не является необходимым... - It is not necessary to...
    • Некоторое знание... необходимо для понимания... - Some knowledge of... is necessary to an understanding of...
    • Некоторые изменения кажутся необходимыми. - Some revisions seem imperative.
    • Необходим опыт для... - It takes experience to...
    • Необходимое дополнительное условие доставляется (чем-л). - The required additional condition is provided by...
    • Необходимы новые аналитические средства, чтобы изучать... - New analytical tools are needed to study...
    • Никогда не должно быть необходимым... - It should never be necessary to...
    • Остается необходимым лишь... - То this end it is only necessary to...
    • Позднее нам будут необходимы некоторые факты относительно... - Later on we shall need certain facts about...
    • Сейчас нам необходимы следующие два факта... - We need in this instance the two results...
    • Следовательно это необходимое условие для... - This is therefore a necessary condition for...
    • Следовательно, мы имеем необходимое и достаточное условие для... - Thus we have a necessary and sufficient condition for... '
    • Следовательно, необходимое решение принимает вид... - The required solution is therefore...
    • Следовательно, эти условия необходимы для равновесия. - Hence these conditions are necessary for equilibrium.
    • Сначала нам необходимы несколько дополнительных определений. - A few more definitions are required first.
    • Теперь дадим необходимое и достаточное условие для того, чтобы... - We now give a necessary and sufficient condition for...
    • Чтобы получить необходимый результат, мы... - То obtain the required result, let...
    • Эти результаты часто бывают необходимы. - These results are needed frequently.
    • Это даст нам необходимую характеристику (чего-л). - This will give us the required characterization of...
    • Это необходимое следствие того, что... - This is a necessary consequence of the fact that...
    • Это необходимые условия для... - These are the necessary conditions for...
    • Это последнее условие не является необходимым, если... - This last proviso is not needed when...
    • Этот пример показывает, что может быть необходимым... - This example shows that it may be necessary to...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > необходимый

  • 13 определение

    definition, determination, examination, identification, computation
    • (Нам) необходимы более точные определения, потому что... - More exact definitions are necessary because...
    • Вспомним некоторые определения. - Let us recall some definitions.
    • Давайте начнем с более тщательного определения того, что мы понимаем под... - Let us begin by defining more carefully what we mean by...
    • Дадим теперь более точное определение. - A more precise definition is as follows.
    • Данное определение применимо даже тогда, когда... - This definition is applicable even when...
    • Для наших целей подходит следующее достаточно грубое определение. - For our purposes the following rather rough definition is adequate.
    • Из определения очевидно, что... - It is evident from the definition that...
    • Из определения понятно, что It is plain from the definition that...
    • Из этих определений видно/понятно, что - It is clear from these definitions that...
    • Используя определения F и G, легко показать, что... - It is a simple matter, using the definitions of F and G, to show that...
    • Мы можем дать альтернативное определение... - It is possible to give an alternative definition of...
    • Мы можем дать неформальное определение, сказав, что... - We can express the definition informally by saying that...
    • Нам необходим критерий для определения, действительно ли... - We need a criterion for determining whether...
    • Нам необходимо одно определение. (= Мы нуждаемся в одном определении. ) - We need a definition.
    • Не существует систематического способа определения... - There is no systematic way of determining...
    • Однако, строго говоря, такое определение является бессмысленным, поскольку... - Strictly speaking, however, such a definition is meaningless because...
    • Определение констант будет дано в Приложении. - The determination of the constants will be given in Appendix.
    • Отметим отличие в определениях... и... - Let us contrast the definitions of... and...
    • Очень трудно, если вообще возможно, дать удовлетворительное определение... - It is difficult if not impossible to give a satisfactory definition of...
    • Перед тем как продолжить (изучение и т. п.), нам необходимо ввести еще одно определение. - We need one more definition before proceeding with...
    • Предыдущие определения являются прямыми обобщениями... - The above definitions are straightforward generalizations of...
    • С другой стороны, из определения F следует, что... - On the other hand, it follows from the definition of F that...
    • Следующая теорема показывает, как можно сделать это определение строгим. - The following theorem shows how this notion can be made precise.
    • Следующие примеры покажут важность данного определения. - Examples will bring out the significance of this definition.
    • Сначала нам необходимы несколько дополнительных определений. - A few more definitions are required first.
    • Существенный интерес представляет задача определения... - It is a problem of considerable interest to determine...
    • Существует простая геометрическая интерпретация этого определения. - There is a simple geometrical interpretation of this definition.
    • Существуют различные способы определения... - There are various ways of defining...
    • Теперь мы выведем простое правило для определения... - We now derive a simple rule for determining...
    • Теперь мы готовы ввести основное определение. - We are now ready for a basic definition.
    • Теперь мы собрали воедино основные определения и результаты (теории и т. п.)... - - We have now assembled the main definitions and results of...
    • Ценность этого определения, безусловно, заключается в его полезности. - The merit of this definition lies, of course, in its usefulness.
    • Это вытекает непосредственно из определения оператора D/Dt. - This follows at once from the meaning of the operator D/Dt.
    • Это завершает определение (= нахождение)... - This completes the determination of...
    • Это не особо полезное определение, так как... - This is not a particularly useful definition, since...
    • Это прямое следствие определения. - It is an immediate consequence of the definition.
    • Это обычные (= стандартные) определения для... - These are the usual definitions for...
    • Это определение не влечет за собой, что... - This definition does not imply that...
    • Это определение неудовлетворительно по нескольким причинам. - This definition is unsatisfactory for several reasons.
    • Это определение основано на следующих соображениях. - This definition is based on the following considerations.
    • Это полезное определение, поскольку... - This is a useful definition because...
    • Это придает смысл определению (= введению)... - This gives a means of defining...
    • Этот подход доказал свою полезность в определении ранних стадий... - This approach has proven useful in identifying the early stages of...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > определение

  • 14 tel

    tel, telle [tεl]
    adjective
       a. (similitude) such(PROV) tel père, tel fils like father like son
    • as-tu jamais rien vu de tel ? have you ever seen such a thing?
    • il est le patron, en tant que tel il aurait dû agir he is the boss and as such he ought to have taken action
    ► un tel, une telle such a
    • c'est une telle joie de l'entendre ! it's such a joy to hear him!
    • les métaux tels que l'or, l'argent et le platine metals like gold, silver and platinum
    • tel que je le connais, il ne viendra pas if I know him, he won't come
    • tel que vous me voyez, je reviens d'Afrique I'm just back from Africa
    • il m'a dit: « sortez d'ici ou je vous sors », tel que ! (inf) he said to me "get out of here or I'll throw you out" - just like that!► tel quel, telle quelle (inf)
    • j'ai lu dans tel ou tel article que... I read in some article or other that...
    * * *

    1.
    telle tɛl adjectif
    1) ( pareil) such

    un tel homme peut être dangereux — such a man can be dangerous, a man like that can be dangerous

    2) ( pareil à) like
    3) ( ainsi)

    tels furent ses propos — those were his/her words

    il est honnête, du moins je le crois tel — he's honest, at least I believe him to be so

    comme tel, en tant que tel — as such

    tel quel, tel que — (colloq) controv ( sans modification) as it is

    ses affaires étaient restées telles quelles — his/her things were left as they were

    tel que — ( comme) as

    de telle sorte or façon or manière que — ( accidentellement) in such a way that; ( délibérément) so that

    admettons qu'il arrive tel jour, à telle heure — suppose that he arrives on such and such a day, at such and such a time

    que je prenne telle ou telle décision il critique toujours — no matter what decision I make, he criticizes it


    2.
    pronom indéfini

    tel voulait la guerre, tel voulait la paix — some wanted war, some wanted peace

    * * *
    tɛl adj (telle)
    1) (= pareil) such

    Il n'y a rien de tel qu'une bonne nuit de sommeil. — There's nothing like a good night's sleep.

    2) (= comme)

    tel un... — like a...

    tel des... — like...

    tel que conj — like, such as

    tel quel (= comme c'est) — as it is, as it stands

    J'ai tout laissé tel quel. — I left everything as it was.

    un tel... — such (a)...

    de tels... — such...

    Il a un tel enthousiasme! — He's got such enthusiasm!, He's so enthusiastic!

    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( pareil) such; une telle conduite vous honore such behaviourGB does you credit; un tel homme peut être dangereux such a man can be dangerous, a man like that can be dangerous; personne d'autre n'a un tel rire no-one else has a laugh like that ou laughs like that; une telle qualité n'existe plus such quality ou quality like that can no longer be found; je n'ai jamais rien vu/entendu de tel I've never seen/heard anything like it; tel que such as; les bêtes féroces telles que le tigre, la panthère fierce animals such as the tiger, the panther; un homme tel que lui mérite d'être pendu a man like that deserves to be hanged;
    2 ( pareil à) like; ils s'enfuirent telle une bande de moineaux they fled like a flock of sparrows; les poissons de mer qui, tel le saumon, vont se reproduire en rivières sea fish which, like salmon, spawn in rivers;
    3 ( ainsi) telle est la vérité that is the truth; tels furent ses propos those were his words; tel est cet ami à qui tu faisais confiance that's what he's really like, that friend you trusted; il est honnête, du moins je le crois tel he's honest, at least I believe him to be so; comme tel, en tant que tel as such; ce n'est pas sa fille mais il la considère comme telle she's not his daughter but he treats her as if she were; c'est peut-être son meilleur livre-moi, je le tiens pour tel it's probably his best book-I myself consider it to be so; tel quel, tel que○ controv ( sans modification) as it is; ses affaires étaient restées telles quelles his things were left as they were; servir le saumon tel quel serve the salmon as it is; tu l'avais mis sur la table, je l'ai trouvé tel quel you had left it on the table, I found it lying there; tel que ( comme) as; tel que pratiqué as practisedGB; si cette maison est telle que tu le dis if the house is as you say it is; Marie est restée telle que je l'ai connue Marie has stayed as I knew her; tel que je te connais if I know you; tel que vous le voyez il est milliardaire/il a 80 ans you wouldn't believe it to look at him but he's a millionaire/he's 80;
    4 ( pour exprimer l'intensité) avec un tel enthousiasme with such enthusiasm; il fait une telle chaleur/un tel froid it is so hot/so cold; il y avait un tel bruit there was so much noise; nos problèmes sont tels que nous devons vous en parler our problems are such that we need to discuss them with you; de telle sorte or façon or manière que ( accidentellement) in such a way that; ( délibérément) so that;
    5 ( un certain) admettons qu'il arrive tel jour, à telle heure suppose that he arrives on such and such a day, at such and such a time; que je prenne telle ou telle décision il critique toujours no matter what decision I make, he criticizes it; apprendre à se conduire de telle ou telle façon en telle ou telle circonstance to learn to behave in such and such a manner in such and such a situation; je me moque de ce que pense telle ou telle personne I don't care what certain people think; tel autre others; tels autres certain others.
    B pron indéf tel voulait la guerre, tel voulait la paix some wanted war, some wanted peace; s'il rencontrait tel ou tel il le leur dirait if he were to meet anybody he would tell them; qu'importe si tel et tel ne sont pas contents what does it matter if some people aren't pleased; tel qui se disait son ami le renie aujourd'hui he who claimed to be his friend denies him now; ⇒ prendre.
    A.[EMPLOYÉ SEUL]
    1. [avec une valeur indéterminée]
    tel jour, tel endroit, à telle heure on such and such a day, at such and such a place, at such and such a time
    2. [semblable] such
    je n'ai rien dit de tel I never said such a thing, I said nothing of the sort
    il était médecin et comme tel, il avait des passe-droits he was doctor and as such he had special dispensations
    il n'est pas avare, mais il passe pour tel he's not mean, but people think he is
    3. [ainsi]
    telle avait été sa vie, telle fut sa fin as had been his/her life, such was his/her death
    4. [introduisant un exemple, une énumération, une comparaison] like
    les révolutionnaires qui, tel Danton, croyaient à la démocratie the revolutionaries who, like Danton, believed in democracy
    tel père, tel fils (proverbe) like father, like son (proverbe)
    5. [en intensif] such
    c'est un tel honneur pour nous... it is such an honour for us...
    B.[EN CORRÉLATION AVEC 'QUE']
    1. [introduisant une comparaison]
    telle que je la connais, elle va être en retard knowing her, she's bound to be late
    tel que tu me vois, je viens de décrocher un rôle the person you see before you has just got a part
    2. [introduisant un exemple ou une énumération]
    tel que such as, like
    3. [avec une valeur intensive]
    ————————
    1. [désignant des personnes ou des choses non précisées]
    tel qui rit vendredi, dimanche pleurera (proverbe) you can be laughing one day and crying the next
    2. [en remplacement d'un nom propre]
    ————————
    tel quel ( féminin telle quelle) locution adjectivale

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > tel

  • 15 важный для

    •

    Hydroxylating reactions are important (or essential) for the biosynthesis of corticoids.

    •

    Each of these factors is important (or essential) to the end results.

    * * *
    Важный для -- important to; essential to; relevant to; important in (+ gerund)
     This is another reason why temperature control is important to metering accuracy.
     The post-honing wall thickness of the test section tube (a parameter relevant to the ohmic heating) was 0.089 cm.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > важный для

  • 16 важный для

    •

    Hydroxylating reactions are important (or essential) for the biosynthesis of corticoids.

    •

    Each of these factors is important (or essential) to the end results.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > важный для

  • 17 В-336

    ПРЕЖДЕ ВСЕГО PrepP Invar
    1. ( subj-compl with copula ( subj: abstr) or obj-compl with ставить ( obj: abstr)) ( sth. is) most important, more important than anything else
    X -прежде всего = X is (person Y sets X) above all else
    X before everything X comes first X matters most.
    Полковник был утомлён дорожными лишениями, однообразным степным пейзажем, скучными разговорами и всем сложным комплексом обязанностей представителя великой державы, но интересы королевской службы-прежде всего! (Шолохов 5). The colonel had been wearied by the hardships of travel, the monotonous steppe scenery, the tedious conversation and all the other complex duties of a representative of a great power, but he set the interests of His Majesty's service above all else (5a).
    2.
    adv
    first in order or priority, before all else
    first of all
    above all first and foremost first
    (in limited contexts) the first thing to do is......Глуповцам это дело не прошло даром. Как и водится, бригадирские грехи прежде всего отразились на них (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). The affair was not without consequence for the Foolovites....As usual, the brigadier's sins were visited first of all upon them (1a).
    ...Давая оценку той или иной женщине или девушке, абхазцы вообще, а чегемцы в особенности, прежде всего ценят это качество (степень лёгкости, с которой женщина обслуживает свой дом и особенно гостей) (Искандер 5)....When appraising some woman or girl, Abkhazians in general and Chegemians in particular prize this quality (the degree of lightness with which a woman served her household and especially her guests) above all (5a).
    Нужны радикальные реформы! Прежде всего надо сделать более свободными поездки за границу (Зиновьев 2). Radical reforms are needed! The first thing would be to make foreign travel easier (2a).
    3.
    adv
    predominantly, basically
    primarily
    chiefly mainly most of all more than anything else.
    Когда говорят о цензуре, то имеют в виду прежде всего специальное учреждение, Главлит... (Войнович 1). When people speak of censorship, they're primarily referring to a special institution, Glavlit... (1a).
    Нюрок и тут взбеленилась: «...Неужели ты не видишь, что он давно умеет делать, чтобы за него всё делали?.. Он всегда кого-нибудь эксплуатирует - мать, отца, каких-то там приятелей, а прежде всего приятельниц!» (Залыгин 1). Niurok lost her temper completely: "...Can't you see he knows how to arrange things so that other people do everything for him?... He's forever exploiting somebody-his mother, his father, his friends, but most of all his girlfriends" (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > В-336

  • 18 прежде всего

    [PrepP; Invar]
    =====
    1. [subj-compl with copula (subj: abstr) or obj-compl with ставить (obj: abstr)]
    ⇒ (sth. is) most important, more important than anything else:
    - X - прежде всего≈ X is (person Y sets X) above all else;
    - X matters most.
         ♦ Полковник был утомлён дорожными лишениями, однообразным степным пейзажем, скучными разговорами и всем сложным комплексом обязанностей представителя великой державы, но интересы королевской службы - прежде всего! (Шолохов 5). The colonel had been wearied by the hardships of travel, the monotonous steppe scenery, the tedious conversation and all the other complex duties of a representative of a great power, but he set the interests of His Majesty's service above all else (5a).
    2. [adv]
    ⇒ first in order or priority, before all else:
    - [in limited contexts] the first thing to do is...
         ♦...Глуповцам это дело не прошло даром. Как и водится, бригадирские грехи прежде всего отразились на них (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). The affair was not without consequence for the Foolovites....As usual, the brigadier's sins were visited first of all upon them (1a).
         ♦...Давая оценку той или иной женщине или девушке, абхазцы вообще, а чегемцы в особенности, прежде всего ценят это качество [степень лёгкости, с которой женщина обслуживает свой дом и особенно гостей] (Искандер 5)....When appraising some woman or girl, Abkhazians in general and Chegemians in particular prize this quality [the degree of lightness with which a woman served her household and especially her guests] above all (5a).
         ♦ Нужны радикальные реформы! Прежде всего надо сделать более свободными поездки за границу (Зиновьев 2). Radical reforms are needed! The first thing would be to make foreign travel easier (2a).
    3. [adv]
    ⇒ predominantly, basically:
    - more than anything else.
         ♦ Когда говорят о цензуре, то имеют в виду прежде всего специальное учреждение, Главлит... (Войнович 1). When people speak of censorship, they're primarily referring to a special institution, Glavlit... (1a).
         ♦ Нюрок и тут взбеленилась: "...Неужели ты не видишь, что он давно умеет делать, чтобы за него всё делали?.. Он всегда кого-нибудь эксплуатирует - мать, отца, каких-то там приятелей, а прежде всего приятельниц!" (Залыгин 1). Niurok lost her temper completely: "...Can't you see he knows how to arrange things so that other people do everything for him?... He's forever exploiting somebody-his mother, his father, his friends, but most of all his girlfriends" (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > прежде всего

  • 19 Welt, English

    WELT, ENGLISH
    This is made on circular machines when commencing the ribbed piece of a hose or garment. These machines have cylinder and dial or ribber needles which normally work a rib stitch for the ground. At the commencement of the top, only the, cylinder needles are allowed to knit for about six courses, the dial needles holding their stitches the while. When the welt is complete all the cylinder and dial needles work together again and in consequence the tighter dial stitches draw the extra plain loops round the edge and give a greatly improved appearance, and added strength and grip.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Welt, English

  • 20 последствие

    consequence, corollary
    • Нам необходимо рассмотреть более подробно практические последствия... - We need to consider in more detail the practical implications of...
    • Однако это не имеет последствий, так как... - This, however, is of no consequence since...
    • Следующая теорема и ее следствие являются немедленными последствиями (= результатами)... - The following theorem and corollary are immediate consequences of...
    • Физическим последствием формулы (1) является то, что... - The physical implication of (1) is that...
    • Эти данные имели важные последствия для... - These findings have important implications for...
    • Это имеет разнообразные практические последствия. - This has various practical consequences.
    • Это простое последствие того факта, что... - This is simply a consequence of the fact that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > последствие

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